[bazel] Bump up cc and rust toolchains (#14542)

This lets us drop various patches and go all the way to a very clean
setup.

In case folks are curious what was going on... we were depending on the
toolchain finding stdlib headers as sibling files of `clang++`, and for
linking we were providing a `-resource-dir` containing the runtime libs.
However, some users of the cc toolchain (such as rust build scripts) do
the equivalent of `$CC $CCFLAGS $LDFLAGS` so the `-resource-dir` was
being passed when compiling, which suppressed the default stdlib header
location logic. The upstream fix was to swap to using `-isystem` to pass
the stdlib headers, while carefully controlling the ordering to simulate
them coming from the resource-dir.

patches/toolchains_llvm_bootstrapped_resource_dir.patch

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-diff --git a/toolchain/args/BUILD.bazel b/toolchain/args/BUILD.bazel
-index 7da0ddb..78326d9 100644
---- a/toolchain/args/BUILD.bazel
-+++ b/toolchain/args/BUILD.bazel
-@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ package(default_visibility = ["//visibility:public"])
- cc_args(
-     name = "resource_dir",
-     actions = [
-+        "@rules_cc//cc/toolchains/actions:compile_actions",
-         "@rules_cc//cc/toolchains/actions:link_actions",
--        # We may need it for other actions too?
-     ],
-     args = [
-         "-resource-dir",
-@@ -32,6 +32,25 @@ cc_args(
-     },
- )
- 
-+cc_args(
-+    name = "clang_builtin_headers_include_search_paths",
-+    actions = [
-+        "@rules_cc//cc/toolchains/actions:compile_actions",
-+        "@rules_cc//cc/toolchains/actions:link_actions",
-+    ],
-+    args = [
-+        "-isystem",
-+        "{clang_builtin_headers_include_search_path}",
-+    ],
-+    format = {
-+        "clang_builtin_headers_include_search_path": "//:builtin_headers",
-+    },
-+    data = [
-+        "//:builtin_headers",
-+    ],
-+    allowlist_include_directories = ["//:builtin_headers"],
-+)
-+
- cc_args(
-     name = "llvm_target_for_platform",
-     actions = [
-diff --git a/toolchain/BUILD.bazel b/toolchain/BUILD.bazel
-index 1f89467..8f20f10 100644
---- a/toolchain/BUILD.bazel
-+++ b/toolchain/BUILD.bazel
-@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ cc_args_list(
-         "@platforms//os:macos": [],
-         "//conditions:default": [
-             "//toolchain/args:resource_dir",
-+            "//toolchain/args:clang_builtin_headers_include_search_paths",
-         ],
-     }),
- )