diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents/spawn.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents/spawn.rs
index 9bb7b6055c..3e9360d9e7 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents/spawn.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents/spawn.rs
@@ -53,55 +53,94 @@ impl ToolHandler for Handler {
                     call_id: call_id.clone(),
                     sender_thread_id: session.conversation_id,
                     prompt: prompt.clone(),
-                    model: args.model.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
-                    reasoning_effort: args.reasoning_effort.unwrap_or_default(),
+                    model: args
+                        .model_fallback_list
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .and_then(|list| list.first())
+                        .map(|candidate| candidate.model.clone())
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| args.model.clone().unwrap_or_default()),
+                    reasoning_effort: args
+                        .model_fallback_list
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .and_then(|list| list.first())
+                        .and_then(|candidate| candidate.reasoning_effort)
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| args.reasoning_effort.unwrap_or_default()),
                 }
                 .into(),
             )
             .await;
-        let mut config =
+        let config =
             build_agent_spawn_config(&session.get_base_instructions().await, turn.as_ref())?;
-        apply_requested_spawn_agent_model_overrides(
-            &session,
-            turn.as_ref(),
-            &mut config,
+
+        let mut candidates_to_try = collect_spawn_agent_model_candidates(
+            args.model_fallback_list.as_ref(),
             args.model.as_deref(),
             args.reasoning_effort,
-        )
-        .await?;
-        apply_role_to_config(&mut config, role_name)
-            .await
-            .map_err(FunctionCallError::RespondToModel)?;
-        apply_spawn_agent_runtime_overrides(&mut config, turn.as_ref())?;
-        apply_spawn_agent_overrides(&mut config, child_depth);
+        );
+        if candidates_to_try.is_empty() {
+            candidates_to_try.push(SpawnAgentModelCandidate {
+                model: None,
+                reasoning_effort: None,
+            });
+        }
 
-        let result = session
-            .services
-            .agent_control
-            .spawn_agent_with_metadata(
-                config,
-                input_items,
-                Some(thread_spawn_source(
-                    session.conversation_id,
-                    &turn.session_source,
-                    child_depth,
-                    role_name,
-                    /*task_name*/ None,
-                )?),
-                SpawnAgentOptions {
-                    fork_parent_spawn_call_id: args.fork_context.then(|| call_id.clone()),
-                },
+        let mut spawn_result = None;
+        for (idx, candidate) in candidates_to_try.iter().enumerate() {
+            let mut candidate_config = config.clone();
+            apply_requested_spawn_agent_model_overrides(
+                &session,
+                turn.as_ref(),
+                &mut candidate_config,
+                candidate.model.as_deref(),
+                candidate.reasoning_effort,
             )
-            .await
-            .map_err(collab_spawn_error);
-        let (new_thread_id, new_agent_metadata, status) = match &result {
-            Ok(spawned_agent) => (
-                Some(spawned_agent.thread_id),
-                Some(spawned_agent.metadata.clone()),
-                spawned_agent.status.clone(),
-            ),
-            Err(_) => (None, None, AgentStatus::NotFound),
+            .await?;
+            apply_role_to_config(&mut candidate_config, role_name)
+                .await
+                .map_err(FunctionCallError::RespondToModel)?;
+            apply_spawn_agent_runtime_overrides(&mut candidate_config, turn.as_ref())?;
+            apply_spawn_agent_overrides(&mut candidate_config, child_depth);
+            let attempt_result = session
+                .services
+                .agent_control
+                .spawn_agent_with_metadata(
+                    candidate_config,
+                    input_items.clone(),
+                    Some(thread_spawn_source(
+                        session.conversation_id,
+                        &turn.session_source,
+                        child_depth,
+                        role_name,
+                        /*task_name*/ None,
+                    )?),
+                    SpawnAgentOptions {
+                        fork_parent_spawn_call_id: args.fork_context.then(|| call_id.clone()),
+                    },
+                )
+                .await;
+            match attempt_result {
+                Ok(spawned_agent) => {
+                    spawn_result = Some(spawned_agent);
+                    break;
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    if spawn_should_retry_on_quota_exhaustion(&err)
+                        && idx + 1 < candidates_to_try.len()
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    return Err(collab_spawn_error(err));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let Some(spawned_agent) = spawn_result else {
+            return Err(FunctionCallError::RespondToModel(
+                "No spawn attempts were executed".to_string(),
+            ));
         };
+        let new_thread_id = Some(spawned_agent.thread_id);
+        let new_agent_metadata = Some(spawned_agent.metadata.clone());
+        let status = spawned_agent.status.clone();
         let agent_snapshot = match new_thread_id {
             Some(thread_id) => {
                 session
@@ -152,7 +191,7 @@ impl ToolHandler for Handler {
                 .into(),
             )
             .await;
-        let new_thread_id = result?.thread_id;
+        let new_thread_id = spawned_agent.thread_id;
         let role_tag = role_name.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_ROLE_NAME);
         turn.session_telemetry.counter(
             "codex.multi_agent.spawn",
@@ -173,6 +212,7 @@ struct SpawnAgentArgs {
     items: Option<Vec<UserInput>>,
     agent_type: Option<String>,
     model: Option<String>,
+    model_fallback_list: Option<Vec<SpawnAgentModelFallbackCandidate>>,
     reasoning_effort: Option<ReasoningEffort>,
     #[serde(default)]
     fork_context: bool,
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_common.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_common.rs
index dd68465a7f..de7a703363 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_common.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_common.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use codex_protocol::protocol::Op;
 use codex_protocol::protocol::SessionSource;
 use codex_protocol::protocol::SubAgentSource;
 use codex_protocol::user_input::UserInput;
+use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use serde_json::Value as JsonValue;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -71,6 +72,51 @@ where
     })
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct SpawnAgentModelCandidate {
+    pub(crate) model: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) reasoning_effort: Option<ReasoningEffort>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct SpawnAgentModelFallbackCandidate {
+    pub(crate) model: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) reasoning_effort: Option<ReasoningEffort>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn collect_spawn_agent_model_candidates(
+    model_fallback_list: Option<&Vec<SpawnAgentModelFallbackCandidate>>,
+    requested_model: Option<&str>,
+    requested_reasoning_effort: Option<ReasoningEffort>,
+) -> Vec<SpawnAgentModelCandidate> {
+    if let Some(model_fallback_list) = model_fallback_list {
+        return model_fallback_list
+            .iter()
+            .map(|candidate| SpawnAgentModelCandidate {
+                model: Some(candidate.model.clone()),
+                reasoning_effort: candidate.reasoning_effort,
+            })
+            .collect();
+    }
+
+    let mut candidates = Vec::new();
+    if requested_model.is_some() || requested_reasoning_effort.is_some() {
+        candidates.push(SpawnAgentModelCandidate {
+            model: requested_model.map(ToString::to_string),
+            reasoning_effort: requested_reasoning_effort,
+        });
+    }
+    candidates
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn spawn_should_retry_on_quota_exhaustion(error: &CodexErr) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        error,
+        CodexErr::QuotaExceeded | CodexErr::UsageLimitReached(_)
+    )
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn build_wait_agent_statuses(
     statuses: &HashMap<ThreadId, AgentStatus>,
     receiver_agents: &[CollabAgentRef],
@@ -363,3 +409,111 @@ fn validate_spawn_agent_reasoning_effort(
         "Reasoning effort `{requested_reasoning_effort}` is not supported for model `{model}`. Supported reasoning efforts: {supported}"
     )))
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::error::UsageLimitReachedError;
+    use crate::protocol::AgentStatus;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn collect_spawn_agent_model_candidates_prefers_fallback_list() {
+        let candidates = collect_spawn_agent_model_candidates(
+            Some(&vec![
+                SpawnAgentModelFallbackCandidate {
+                    model: "fallback-a".to_string(),
+                    reasoning_effort: Some(ReasoningEffort::High),
+                },
+                SpawnAgentModelFallbackCandidate {
+                    model: "fallback-b".to_string(),
+                    reasoning_effort: Some(ReasoningEffort::Minimal),
+                },
+            ]),
+            Some("legacy-model"),
+            Some(ReasoningEffort::Low),
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            candidates,
+            vec![
+                SpawnAgentModelCandidate {
+                    model: Some("fallback-a".to_string()),
+                    reasoning_effort: Some(ReasoningEffort::High),
+                },
+                SpawnAgentModelCandidate {
+                    model: Some("fallback-b".to_string()),
+                    reasoning_effort: Some(ReasoningEffort::Minimal),
+                },
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn collect_spawn_agent_model_candidates_falls_back_to_legacy_args() {
+        let candidates = collect_spawn_agent_model_candidates(
+            /*model_fallback_list*/ None,
+            Some("legacy-model"),
+            Some(ReasoningEffort::Minimal),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            candidates,
+            vec![SpawnAgentModelCandidate {
+                model: Some("legacy-model".to_string()),
+                reasoning_effort: Some(ReasoningEffort::Minimal),
+            }]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn collect_spawn_agent_model_candidates_empty_when_no_model_is_set() {
+        let candidates = collect_spawn_agent_model_candidates(
+            /*model_fallback_list*/ None, /*requested_model*/ None,
+            /*requested_reasoning_effort*/ None,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(candidates, Vec::new());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn spawn_should_retry_on_quota_exhaustion_checks_expected_error_variants() {
+        assert!(spawn_should_retry_on_quota_exhaustion(
+            &CodexErr::QuotaExceeded
+        ));
+        assert!(spawn_should_retry_on_quota_exhaustion(
+            &CodexErr::UsageLimitReached(UsageLimitReachedError {
+                plan_type: None,
+                resets_at: None,
+                rate_limits: None,
+                promo_message: None,
+            })
+        ));
+        assert!(!spawn_should_retry_on_quota_exhaustion(
+            &CodexErr::UnsupportedOperation("thread manager dropped".to_string())
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn collab_spawn_error_handles_thread_manager_drop() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            collab_spawn_error(CodexErr::UnsupportedOperation(
+                "thread manager dropped".to_string()
+            )),
+            FunctionCallError::RespondToModel("collab manager unavailable".to_string())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_wait_agent_statuses_includes_extras_in_sorted_order() {
+        let receiver_agents = vec![];
+        let mut statuses = HashMap::new();
+        let thread_a = ThreadId::new();
+        let thread_b = ThreadId::new();
+        statuses.insert(thread_b, AgentStatus::Completed(Some("done".to_string())));
+        statuses.insert(thread_a, AgentStatus::Completed(Some("done".to_string())));
+
+        let entries = build_wait_agent_statuses(&statuses, &receiver_agents);
+
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].thread_id, thread_a);
+        assert_eq!(entries[1].thread_id, thread_b);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_v2/spawn.rs b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_v2/spawn.rs
index ffe128b43e..eff49c0447 100644
--- a/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_v2/spawn.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/core/src/tools/handlers/multi_agents_v2/spawn.rs
@@ -56,27 +56,24 @@ impl ToolHandler for Handler {
                     call_id: call_id.clone(),
                     sender_thread_id: session.conversation_id,
                     prompt: prompt.clone(),
-                    model: args.model.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
-                    reasoning_effort: args.reasoning_effort.unwrap_or_default(),
+                    model: args
+                        .model_fallback_list
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .and_then(|list| list.first())
+                        .map(|candidate| candidate.model.clone())
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| args.model.clone().unwrap_or_default()),
+                    reasoning_effort: args
+                        .model_fallback_list
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .and_then(|list| list.first())
+                        .and_then(|candidate| candidate.reasoning_effort)
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| args.reasoning_effort.unwrap_or_default()),
                 }
                 .into(),
             )
             .await;
-        let mut config =
+        let config =
             build_agent_spawn_config(&session.get_base_instructions().await, turn.as_ref())?;
-        apply_requested_spawn_agent_model_overrides(
-            &session,
-            turn.as_ref(),
-            &mut config,
-            args.model.as_deref(),
-            args.reasoning_effort,
-        )
-        .await?;
-        apply_role_to_config(&mut config, role_name)
-            .await
-            .map_err(FunctionCallError::RespondToModel)?;
-        apply_spawn_agent_runtime_overrides(&mut config, turn.as_ref())?;
-        apply_spawn_agent_overrides(&mut config, child_depth);
 
         let spawn_source = thread_spawn_source(
             session.conversation_id,
@@ -85,46 +82,89 @@ impl ToolHandler for Handler {
             role_name,
             Some(args.task_name.clone()),
         )?;
-        let result = session
-            .services
-            .agent_control
-            .spawn_agent_with_metadata(
-                config,
-                match (spawn_source.get_agent_path(), initial_operation) {
-                    (Some(recipient), Op::UserInput { items, .. })
-                        if items
-                            .iter()
-                            .all(|item| matches!(item, UserInput::Text { .. })) =>
-                    {
-                        Op::InterAgentCommunication {
-                            communication: InterAgentCommunication::new(
-                                turn.session_source
-                                    .get_agent_path()
-                                    .unwrap_or_else(AgentPath::root),
-                                recipient,
-                                Vec::new(),
-                                prompt.clone(),
-                                /*trigger_turn*/ true,
-                            ),
-                        }
-                    }
-                    (_, initial_operation) => initial_operation,
-                },
-                Some(spawn_source),
-                SpawnAgentOptions {
-                    fork_parent_spawn_call_id: args.fork_context.then(|| call_id.clone()),
-                },
-            )
-            .await
-            .map_err(collab_spawn_error);
-        let (new_thread_id, new_agent_metadata, status) = match &result {
-            Ok(spawned_agent) => (
-                Some(spawned_agent.thread_id),
-                Some(spawned_agent.metadata.clone()),
-                spawned_agent.status.clone(),
-            ),
-            Err(_) => (None, None, AgentStatus::NotFound),
+        let initial_agent_op = match (spawn_source.get_agent_path(), initial_operation) {
+            (Some(recipient), Op::UserInput { items, .. })
+                if items
+                    .iter()
+                    .all(|item| matches!(item, UserInput::Text { .. })) =>
+            {
+                Op::InterAgentCommunication {
+                    communication: InterAgentCommunication::new(
+                        turn.session_source
+                            .get_agent_path()
+                            .unwrap_or_else(AgentPath::root),
+                        recipient,
+                        Vec::new(),
+                        prompt.clone(),
+                        /*trigger_turn*/ true,
+                    ),
+                }
+            }
+            (_, initial_operation) => initial_operation,
         };
+        let mut candidates_to_try = collect_spawn_agent_model_candidates(
+            args.model_fallback_list.as_ref(),
+            args.model.as_deref(),
+            args.reasoning_effort,
+        );
+        if candidates_to_try.is_empty() {
+            candidates_to_try.push(SpawnAgentModelCandidate {
+                model: None,
+                reasoning_effort: None,
+            });
+        }
+
+        let mut spawn_result = None;
+        for (idx, candidate) in candidates_to_try.iter().enumerate() {
+            let mut candidate_config = config.clone();
+            apply_requested_spawn_agent_model_overrides(
+                &session,
+                turn.as_ref(),
+                &mut candidate_config,
+                candidate.model.as_deref(),
+                candidate.reasoning_effort,
+            )
+            .await?;
+            apply_role_to_config(&mut candidate_config, role_name)
+                .await
+                .map_err(FunctionCallError::RespondToModel)?;
+            apply_spawn_agent_runtime_overrides(&mut candidate_config, turn.as_ref())?;
+            apply_spawn_agent_overrides(&mut candidate_config, child_depth);
+            let attempt_result = session
+                .services
+                .agent_control
+                .spawn_agent_with_metadata(
+                    candidate_config,
+                    initial_agent_op.clone(),
+                    Some(spawn_source.clone()),
+                    SpawnAgentOptions {
+                        fork_parent_spawn_call_id: args.fork_context.then(|| call_id.clone()),
+                    },
+                )
+                .await;
+            match attempt_result {
+                Ok(spawned_agent) => {
+                    spawn_result = Some(spawned_agent);
+                    break;
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    if spawn_should_retry_on_quota_exhaustion(&err)
+                        && idx + 1 < candidates_to_try.len()
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    return Err(collab_spawn_error(err));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let Some(spawned_agent) = spawn_result else {
+            return Err(FunctionCallError::RespondToModel(
+                "No spawn attempts were executed".to_string(),
+            ));
+        };
+        let new_thread_id = Some(spawned_agent.thread_id);
+        let new_agent_metadata = Some(spawned_agent.metadata.clone());
+        let status = spawned_agent.status.clone();
         let agent_snapshot = match new_thread_id {
             Some(thread_id) => {
                 session
@@ -175,7 +215,6 @@ impl ToolHandler for Handler {
                 .into(),
             )
             .await;
-        let _ = result?;
         let role_tag = role_name.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_ROLE_NAME);
         turn.session_telemetry.counter(
             "codex.multi_agent.spawn",
@@ -203,6 +242,7 @@ struct SpawnAgentArgs {
     task_name: String,
     agent_type: Option<String>,
     model: Option<String>,
+    model_fallback_list: Option<Vec<SpawnAgentModelFallbackCandidate>>,
     reasoning_effort: Option<ReasoningEffort>,
     #[serde(default)]
     fork_context: bool,
diff --git a/codex-rs/tools/src/agent_tool.rs b/codex-rs/tools/src/agent_tool.rs
index 87f5bbd9e2..75747c8fd9 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tools/src/agent_tool.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tools/src/agent_tool.rs
@@ -545,6 +545,27 @@ fn create_collab_input_items_schema() -> JsonSchema {
 }
 
 fn spawn_agent_common_properties(agent_type_description: &str) -> BTreeMap<String, JsonSchema> {
+    let model_fallback_item_properties = BTreeMap::from([
+        (
+            "model".to_string(),
+            JsonSchema::String {
+                description: Some(
+                    "Model to try. Must be a model slug from the current model picker list."
+                        .to_string(),
+                ),
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            "reasoning_effort".to_string(),
+            JsonSchema::String {
+                description: Some(
+                    "Optional reasoning effort override for this candidate. Replaces the inherited reasoning effort."
+                        .to_string(),
+                ),
+            },
+        ),
+    ]);
+
     BTreeMap::from([
         (
             "message".to_string(),
@@ -580,6 +601,20 @@ fn spawn_agent_common_properties(agent_type_description: &str) -> BTreeMap<Strin
                 ),
             },
         ),
+        (
+            "model_fallback_list".to_string(),
+            JsonSchema::Array {
+                items: Box::new(JsonSchema::Object {
+                    properties: model_fallback_item_properties,
+                    required: Some(vec!["model".to_string()]),
+                    additional_properties: Some(false.into()),
+                }),
+                description: Some(
+                    "Ordered model candidates for fallback retries. Each entry may include an optional reasoning effort."
+                        .to_string(),
+                ),
+            },
+        ),
         (
             "reasoning_effort".to_string(),
             JsonSchema::String {
diff --git a/codex-rs/tools/src/agent_tool_tests.rs b/codex-rs/tools/src/agent_tool_tests.rs
index 735a6ba4db..2adde24cd5 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tools/src/agent_tool_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tools/src/agent_tool_tests.rs
@@ -63,12 +63,52 @@ fn spawn_agent_tool_v2_requires_task_name_and_lists_visible_models() {
         })
     );
     assert_eq!(required, Some(vec!["task_name".to_string()]));
+    let Some(JsonSchema::Array { items, .. }) = properties.get("model_fallback_list") else {
+        panic!("spawn_agent v2 should define model_fallback_list as an array of objects");
+    };
+    let JsonSchema::Object {
+        properties: model_fallback_item_properties,
+        required: Some(model_fallback_item_required),
+        ..
+    } = items.as_ref()
+    else {
+        panic!("spawn_agent v2 model_fallback_list items should be objects");
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        model_fallback_item_properties.get("model"),
+        Some(&JsonSchema::String {
+            description: Some(
+                "Model to try. Must be a model slug from the current model picker list."
+                    .to_string(),
+            ),
+        })
+    );
+    assert_eq!(model_fallback_item_required, &vec!["model".to_string()]);
     assert_eq!(
         output_schema.expect("spawn_agent output schema")["required"],
         json!(["agent_id", "task_name", "nickname"])
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn spawn_agent_tool_v1_includes_model_fallback_list() {
+    let ToolSpec::Function(ResponsesApiTool { parameters, .. }) =
+        create_spawn_agent_tool_v1(SpawnAgentToolOptions {
+            available_models: &[model_preset("visible", /*show_in_picker*/ true)],
+            agent_type_description: "role help".to_string(),
+        })
+    else {
+        panic!("spawn_agent should be a function tool");
+    };
+    let JsonSchema::Object { properties, .. } = parameters else {
+        panic!("spawn_agent should use object params");
+    };
+    let Some(JsonSchema::Array { .. }) = properties.get("model_fallback_list") else {
+        panic!("model_fallback_list should be an array");
+    };
+    assert!(properties.contains_key("model_fallback_list"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn send_message_tool_requires_items_and_uses_submission_output() {
     let ToolSpec::Function(ResponsesApiTool {